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Copyright, t9I2, fay Otto Lohf
ROM the beginningf of the seventeenth centufy
Germans are found scattered all alongf the
Atlantic coast of North America. Though
fate had allotted but a secondary role to these
contemporaries of the Thirty Years* War under
these skicSf it could not prevent the participation
of a considerable number of them in the opening of the northern
half of the New "World and the transplanting of European
civilization into the American colonies. These earliest represen-
tatives of American Germandom^ most of whom, after a life full
of toil and struggle, had found eternal rest, at the time when
the first purely German settlement was made in Gcrmantown,
Pennsylvania, constitute a stratum of typical American pioneer
life. Considering their achievements on the whole, as well as
such as are individually noteworthy, and also the characteristic
German traits in their life work, these pioneers compare favor-
ably with their fellow settlers of early colonial times and therefore
demand adequate recognition in history. Whether present
in limited numbers, or living in moderate circumstances, chronic-
lers do not fail to narrate special incidents of these early
Germans. The real German work of this epoch covers little
more than a generation. Of those who accomplished it, some
were leaders in colonization and officers, a few explorers of the
country and settlement pioneers. Some of them were the first in
various callings of new-land management. The majority of
the Germans, to whom had been assigned tasks of everyday life^
were well qualified to perform the fundamental labor of civiliza-
tion and pioneer economics* Besides solving work-a-day
problems, the creation of an institution which actually represents
the beginning of German life on American soil is to be considered
as not the least of their merits.
Introductory Note. — This paper is the first attempt to sketch the hegionings
of German immigration in the North American colonies connectedly and on a
broad basis. New Netherland being the first conspicuous goal of German influx,
naturally had to be treated as extensively as the limited space of a preliminary
outline would permit. The remainder claims neither originality in each and
every detail, nor completeness. And yet, more than half of what is presented
in the following pages will undoubtedly be new to readers familiar with the story
of German life and strife in this country.
t3]
VIRGINIA
Jamestown, Virginia, the cradle of Ang^Io-Saxon America,
'i& the place, where Germans are met with for the first time. The
earliest incidents on record are cases of imported contract laborers
Those sent to Virginia in J 608 were skilled workmen, glass-
blowers. Captain John Smith, characterizing his men, gives the
following account of them : " . . labourers . . that neuer
did know what a dayes workc was : except the Dutch-men and
Poles, and some dozen other * , **^ In J 620 four mill-
wrights from Hamburg were sent to the same settlement, to erect
saw-mills;* in England timber was still sawed by hand.* The
Germans who settled in the Cavalier colony in larger numbers
about the middle of the seventeenth century, seem to have been
attracted chiefly by the profitable tobacco business. The most
highly educated citizen of Northampton County in 1657 was,
perhaps, Dr. Georg Nicolaus Hacke, a native of Cologne.*
Thomas Harmanson, founder of one of the most prominent
Eastern Shore families, a native of Brandenburg, was naturalized
October 24, J684, by an act of assembly.^ Johann Sigismund
Cluverius, owner of a considerable estate in York County, was
ostensibly also of German birth. *
^ John Smith, The Generall Historic of Virginia, New -England, the
Summer Isles, London, 1624, p. 94.
*The Records of the Virginia Company, ed. S. M. Kingsbury, Washington,
t906, 1, pp. 368, 372, 428.
'Edward Eggleston, The Beginners of a Nation, New York, 1896, p. 82.
*Philip Alexander Bruce, Social Life of Virginia in the Seventeenth
Century, Richmond, Va., 1907, p. 260.
^William and Mary College Quarterly, ed. L, G. Tyler, Williams-
burg, Va., I, 1892, p. J 92. Bruce, Social Life of Va., p. 261, incorrectly gives
{622 as the year of Harmanson's naturalization.
« Bruce, p. 260.
[4]
NEW ENGLAND
The first Germans of New England arrived, as far as wc
know, with the founders of Massachusetts Bay Colony in J 630.
The proof of this fact, as well as of the influence of this first
small group, is found in one of the most important pamphlets
published in connection with New England colonisation, "The
Planter's Plea*' (1630). This tract, published in London shortly
after the departure of Winthrop's Puritan fleet, and supposed to
have been written by John White, the "patriarch of Dorchester^
and the '^father of Massachusetts Bay Colony,'' contains the
following statement : "It is not improbable that, partly for their
sakes, and partly for respect to some Germans that are gone over
with them, and more that intend to follow after, even those
which otherwise would not much desire innovation of themselves,
yet for the maintaining of peace and unity (the only solder of a
weak, unsettled body) will be won to consent to some variation
from the forms and customs of our church . . ." Some of the
early New England Germans got there via New Amsterdam 5
we find them in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Boston, etc In J 66 J the
ship-surgeon Spoeri from Zurich in Switzerland paid a visit to
Rhode Island. His narrative of New England is one of the few of
German pen on early American colonial times still extant, ' The
influence of Germans from afar it was that stimulated the intel-
lectual life of New England, at a certain period in its heroic
days : the active German circle about Milton (and the friends of
Comenius), to which are accredited the first steps in the founding
of the Royal Society, Haak, Hartlib, and Oldenburg. Among
the letters exchanged between London (the Continent respectively )
and New England, there is one by Oldenburg, written in J 669,
from which a significant passage deserves to be quoted. Thus
writes the first secretary of the Royal Society to the younger
"Winthrop, Governor of Connecticut: "It would contribute much
to ye increase of ye honor of yt people to keep in their Archives
ye faithfull records of all their successes, stops, exigencies, from
their beginnings, and to doe the like kindness for their neighbors,
as New Netherland or the Main or Georgeana; for ye L^
^Americanische Reissbcschreibting Nach den Caribes Insslen Und Nea-
Engelland. Verrichtet ond aofgesctzt durch Fclix-Christiaui Spoeri, Zurich, J677,
C5]
Ploydeiis Plantaon, Maryland, Virgin.; and yc many Islands
about yt continent, as hath been noted.^^
NEW SWEDEN
In New Sweden, for the foundation and development of
which Gustavus Adolphus and after his death Oxenstierna had
taken initial steps on German soil, and the European manage-
ment of which rested in the hands of a German treasurer and a
German bookkeeper, there were a few Germans among its
officials during the seventeen years of its existence (1 638-1 655).
There were also a number of German colonists, chiefly soldiers ;
however, according to recent researches these were not as numer-
ous, as had formerly been supposed. The first governor was
Peter Minuit from Wesel ; his brother-in-law, Hendrick Huygen
from Cieves, was commissary during and after Minuit's term of
office* From J 640- J 643 a young officer, Peter Hollcnder Ridder,
very likely a German, was at the head of the colony. The last
factor of New Sweden was Henrich von Elswich, a merchant
from Lubeck. In the lists of the inhabitants of the settlements,
Amandus Johnson, the most recent historian of New Sweden*,
has found but few Germans expressly mentioned as such. The
greater part of these belonged to the garrisons of the forts, among
them a few from Hamburg, one from Holstein, one from
Stralsund, one from Brandenburg, one from Koenigsberg and one
from Reval. As is obvious, the majority of these men came from
cities and provinces where Usselinx had visited and worked in
the interest of his transatlantic colonization scheme.^ ° There
still remain such as have names unmistakably pointing to
German origin ; not many ; two or three dozen at the most.
Accordingly the probable ratio between Germans and Swedes,etc.,
in New Sweden would be J:JO. (This has reference only to the
Germans coming over with the Swedes; along with the coloni-
zation of New Netherland, undoubtedly a number of Germans
* Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, Vol. XVI, 1878, Boston,
J879, p. 241.
'Amandus Johnson, The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware. New
York, I9n, 2 vols.
^"J. Franklin Jameson, Willem Usselinx. American Historical Association,
Papers, Vol. II, 1887.
[6]
also struck New Swedish territory). Unfortunately Johnson has
nothing or very little to say about the distribution of the various
nationalities. The following^ remark is of some importance:
**The instructions of the officers were written in Swedish, German
and Dutch. The Dutch and German officers, soldiers and
settlers were able to converse in Swedish, and they g^radually be-
came fairly well versed in the language, but all the account
books and most of the bills preserved to us are written in Dutch
or German.''^ ^ The Labadists, Dankers and Sluyter, the latter
a German from W^esel (recte Vorstmann), in search of a place
of refuge for their sect, longing to leave Europe, traversed the
colonies from Massachusetts to Maryland, eagerly taking notes, and
came to the Delaware in 1679. There they met several Germans,
mostly Holsteiners, especially Otto Ernst Koch, "ia.tc medicus^,
one of the justices on the Delaware and proprietor of Tinicum
Island.^* When Pastorius came to Pennsylvania he found "a
few High Germans , « who had already inhabited this country
for twenty years, and had become naturalized so to say; these were
Silesians, Brandenburgers, Holsteiners, Swiss, etc Also one from
Nuremberg, named Jan Jaquet/'* ^ The latter, Jean Paul Jacquet,
for years agent of the West India Company in Brazil, after the
departure of the Swedes, had been made vice-director on the
South River (as the Dutch called the Delaware in contradistinc-
tion to the North River, the Hudson). In J 674 he was appointed
a justice of the court at New Castle.^*
*^ Johnson, p. 548.
^* Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in Several of the American
Colonies in 1679-80. By Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter. Translated by
Henry C. Murphy, Brooklyn, 1867, p. J74-J87.
^'F. D. Pastorius, Sichere Nachricht auss America, 1684. Photographic
Reproduction in M. D. Learned's The Life of Francis Daniel Pastorius,
Philadelphia, 1908, p. 128.
**Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630-
J707. Ed. Albert Cook Myers. New York, J9J2, p. 400.
[7]
MARYLAND
Most of the early German settlers of Maryland came from
Virginia, New Netherland and New Sweden. The best known
are the Herrman and Hacke families, and Johann Lederer.
Atigfustin Herrman, who spent the most important time of his
life in New Amsterdam, is known as the first surveyor of Mary-
land and designer of the first map of Lord Baltimore's colony;
for this work he was granted a large tract of land in Cecil County
(Bohemia Manor)/ '^ Johann Lederer, a native of Hamburg,
who immortalized himself as the discoverer of the Virginia
Valley, was naturalized in J67I. The Labadists during their
travels in Maryland met a settler named Commegys from Vienna
and at a plantation "a person who spoke high Dutch ♦ • a
kind of proctor or advocate in the courts.''
CAROLINA
The first German of renown who set foot on Carolina soil
was Johann Lederer. This was in J 670. In the following year,
perhaps in connection with his exploring tours, the colony
''received a great addition to its strength" from Dutch people of
New York. According to Bernheim,^* who claims he has his
information from the old chroniclers, the majority of these Dutch
were Lutherans. This, if true, would partly explain the disap-
pearance of a number of German Lutherans from New York
about this period.
**Thc best monograph on Herrman is H. A. Rattermann's in Deutsch-
Amerikanisches Magazin, I, 1886, p. 202 ff.
*'G. D. Bemheim, History of the German Settlements and of the
Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina. Philadelphia, 1872, p. 64-65.
[8]
NEW NETHERLAND
Of all early North American colonies. New York only
and solely possessed a German population numerically noteworthy
and almost within reach of exact research. This province and
the city by the same name, prior to J 664 New Netherland and
New Amsterdam — it mast be remembered, however, the former
at a time comprised greater or smaller portions of what were
later Connecticut and New Jersey — was the chief goal of German
immigration during the middle third of the seventeenth century.
The first white settler within the limits of the present State of
New York was Henrich Christiansen from the German city of
Cleves.^' And he, the very first of all German- American pio-
neers, it was who continued and completed the work begun by
Henry Hudson ; while the latter is looked upon as the discoverer,
the former must be considered the explorer of the Hudson River
territory.^* His eleven trips to the mouth of the Hudson,
following almost immediately Hudson's voyage of discovery,
represent our present transatlantic traffic in its incipiency. He
built the first dwellings and prepared the road to the chief source
of income of the colony, the fur trade. His tragic death deprived
him not only of the fruits of his labor, but also of a good
deal of his renown after death: no place bears his name.'"
The beginnings of civil order and organized work of civili-
zation on Manhattan Island are connected with the name of
Peter Minuit. This first general-director of New Netherland,
apparently of French descent, had come from Wesel ; however
his personality and his official life show the imprints of Dutch
culture^" (in New Netherland as well as at a later period in
New Sweden). Under Minuit's leadership the trading-post, the
rendezvous of traders and hunters, which heretofore had been
obliged to get its supply of provisions from ^^Patria," became a
plantation in a twofold sense of the word, a self-supporting agri-
cultural colony. Among his officials and soldiers, among the
traders and farmers we find Germans.
*' Joannes de Laet, Nicuwe Wercldt, Ley den, J 625, p. 88.
**NicIaes a Wasienaer, Historisch VerhacI, Amsterdam, 1624, p. 85.
^***No Mans Land" formerly was called Hendrick Christiaensen's Eyiand.
'"Minuit writes ^'good Dutch though with distinctly German spelling.*'
A. J.F. van Laer, Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, Albany, 1908, p. 31.
[9]
During: Mmuxt's administration Rensselaerswyck was found-
ed near Fort Orange (Albany), under the patroonship of Kiliaen
van Rensselaer and his partners. The human material which
formed the foundation of the present State capital, may not have
been the worst that came to the new world, since it was selected
by the cautious merchant of Amsterdam himself. With some
degree of certainty the native places of about one and a half
hundred adult male immigrants are ascertained — out of a sum total
of not quite 250 — reaching here between J 630 and J 653. More
than one half came from the provinces of the Netherlands (the
Spanish dominions included). The Germans constitute some-
what less than one fourth. The Scandinavians and English
together (including one Irishman and one Scotchman) are about
one seventh. One Frenchman and one Croatian complete this
heterogeneous crowd."
At the close of the fourth decade, when "settlers of excellent
quality" (Fiske) flocked into New Netherland, the current of
German immigration becomes visible in a marked degree. This
influx, continuing for over a quarter of a century, furnishes the
first perceptible group of German-American population. Their
assimilation took place within the scope of Dutch colonizing ; the
Thirty Year's War lent it the dreary background. At that time
the attention of the German countries had been roused in the
direction of New Netherland. Ussclinx' recruiting visits to the
cities of the North and Baltic Sea Coasts from Emden to Reval,
were not in vain, nor had he appealed to German princes and
conventions unsuccessfully. New Sweden, for which money and
men were wanted, lay in the same course as New Netherland.
Similarly as John Maurice of Nassau, governor of Brazil, in J 637
advised the Dutch West India Company to settle German exiles,
seeking refuge in Holland, in South America,^ ^ the Count of
Solms had considered the idea of settling his subjects driven out
of the County of Solms by the war, in New Netherland.** The
"New York State Education Department, New York State Library,
Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts. Translated and edited fay A. J. F. van
Laer, Archivist, Albany, J908, p. 805-846.
'^Gispar Barlaeus, Brasilianische Geschicbte, Cleves, 1659, p. 136. 137.
* 'Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York,
ed. E. B. O'Callaghan, Albany, Vol. I, 1856, p. 118.
[10]
revocation of the far trade monopoly in J 639, followed by a
revival in New Nethcrland affairs, drew many a German from
the Hansa cities to Manhattan*
A means to approximately estimate the German element of
New Amsterdam is found in some sort of semi-official statistics*
Although these statistics do not embrace the total population, a
ratio can be deduced. This means is the Marriage Records of
the Reformed Dutch Church, which have fortunately been
preserved/* This list contains for the years J 639- J 664, the
period of Dutch rule, the names and native places of 626 immi-
grants. Of these, with a certain degree of definiteness, t23 are
found to be of German origin (among them J 2 German couples).
Accordingly the Germans would amount to not quite one fifth
of the number of immigrants.^ ^
The center of German life, flourishing more and more, as
years went on, was, since the close of the forties, the Lutheran
congregation of New Amsterdam, which beginning with the
fifties more or less successfully combated the Dutch Calvinistic
intolerance. Leader and adviser of the German Lutherans was
Paul Schrick of Nuremberg, a well-to-do merchant. It was he
who '* became a chief promoter of this work,'' ending in the
calling of the first Lutheran pastor.^" The earliest records of this
Lutheran organization, the nucleus of St. Matthews Church of
to-day, have disappeared. So much we learn from contemporary
documents : the leading personages active in building up the con-
gregation and in the struggles with the predominant Reformed
** Records of the Reformed Dutch Church in New Amsterdam and
New York Marriage Records from U December, 1639, to 26 August, 1 80 J.
Ed. Samuel S. Purple, M. D., New York, 1890.
^^In the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for
the Year 1909, Washington 1911, Ruth Putnam (The Dutch Element in the
United States, p. 205-2 J 8) examines the same source, with regard to its ethnical
composition, arriving at figures, however, which are open to criticism. Her
statement shows 16 Germans in the first hundred marriage applicants, 1639-1643?
in the second hundred she finds 9 (I find 11); in the third hundred 9 (instead of
J6) ; in the fourth 10 (instead of 17^; in the fifth 6-8 (instead of 12i ; in the sixth
5-6 (instead of 19). Hence about 58 Germans, instead of 91, according to my
figures, from the close of 1639 to the middle of 1659.
^^Ecclesiastical Records, State of New York. Published by the State
under the supervision of Hugh Hastings, State Historian, Albany, Vol. I, 1901,
p. 429.
[11]
Dutch Church were Germans, the pastors, Gutwasser, Fabricius
and Arens were all Germans (with the exception of a Swedish
supply preacher), the majority of the members of the congreg^a-
tion were Germans" % the German language was looked upon as
evidence of membership" % it is not improbable that at times
German was used during service.^'
As is the case to this very day, the early Germans of New
York were a medley of all classes of society. There we find the
enterprising man of fortune and the adventurous fellow without
means, merchants and mechanics, professional men, farmers,
sailors, soldiers, servants. These people hailed from all parts of
German speaking Europe, even from Switzerland, Austria and
the Baltic provinces of Russia. Three quarters of them were
Low-Germans, more or less related to the Dutch in tongue and
custom, and therefore readily at ease and at home. In these
audacious and world-wise, industrious and sober-minded men
from the German sea-coast, from East Friesland, Oldenburg,
Sleswick-Holstein, Hanover, Westphalia, and the Rhenish
countries, there glowed the same spirit and strove the same vigor
which had brought maritime pursuits and commerce of the
Hanseatic League to such prominence and had raised their
citizens to such an eminent state of power and culture. Impor-
tant beyond their number these Germans seem when the
manifold achievements and merits of their chief representatives
or of certain sets are considered. The specifically German
qualities proved particularly momentous in aiding the formative
*' The list of the first members, as far as it can be reconstructed, ihows
28 names, mostly heads of families. There is documentary proof of 12 being
Germans: Paul Schrick, Martin Hoffmann, Christian Nissen, Hermann
Eduardsen, Lorenz Andriesen (Van Buskirck), Lucas Eldersen, Hermann Jansen,
Johann Cornelisscn, David Wessels, Heinrich Heinrichs, Meinrad Barentsen,
Hermann Schmeemann. Matthias Capito, first signer of the Lutheran petition
of October 10, 1657, without question was German. Of the remaining petitioners
as far as they w^ere not mentioned above, Jochcm Beeckman undoubcdtly like all
the other Beekmans in New Netherland was of German origin ; Claes de Wit
according to some writers came from Westphalia. Hans Drepcr, Andrics Rees,
George Hanel do not seem to be either HoUandish or Scandinavian. For list of
petitioners see: Ecclesiastical Records, State of New York, p. 406.
* * Ecclesiastical Records. State of New York, p. 429.
** At least one is justified to infer this from a passage in Charles Wooley's A
two years Journal in New York, London, I70I, p. 84-85.
[12]
work of the ruling Dutch-English stock. A German trait was their
religious sentiment, the loyahy to Lutheran creed, which wrested
the first concessions of tolerance from official Calvinism? a
German trait the Hanseatic spirit of enterprise in affairs great
and small, German their interest in the welfare of the community,
their tendency toward progressiveness and independence, which
shook the oppressive bars of bureaucratic tutelage and patri-
archal privileges.
*'Perhaps no class among the early residents of New Amster-
dam was more distinguished for the rapid strides they made to
wealth and social distinction, in their adopted home, than those
who came from the old commercial cities in Germany. The most
prominent representative of this class— which included among
others, the heads of the Van der Beecfc, Santford, Ebbing, Lcisler
and Schrick families,— was Nicholas De Meyer, a native of
Hamburg/''" In this list Augustin Herrman is omitted, per-
haps the most remarkable among these prosperous merchants.
The story of his life and deeds reveals interesting intercolonial
relations, both political and economic. By marriage he was
related to Schrick and Hacke.
Leader of the progressive citizens in their fight against
Kieft and Stuyvesant was (with Cornells Melyn) a German,
Jochem Petersen Kuyter, from Ditmarschen. Among the of-
ficials of the provincial and municipal government we find (in
addition to those already mentioned) several Germans, viz., Ulrich
Lupoid from Stade, Gysbert Opdyck from Wesel, Willem Beek-
man, descendant of a Cologne family, born in Holland. The
last-named, as also Nicolaus Meyer, was under English rule
mayor of the city of New York.
The ship-surgeon and colonial physician of German origin
figures widely in New "World records and relations of the six-
teenth and seventeenth centuries. We also meet at least a dozen
of them in the early days of North America ; in New Nether-
land Hans Kierstede from Magdeburg, Paul van der Beek from
Bremen, "Wilhelm Trophagen from Lemgo, and others. A man
3 "The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, New York. Vol.
IX, 1878, p. 13. (Contributions to the History of the ancient families of New
York. By Edwin R. Purple).
[13]
1
of judicial learningf was Hicronymus Ebbingp from Hamburg;, son-
in-law of the Dutch historian Johannes de Laet. Tillman van
Vleck from Bremen was a notary public at New Amsterdam,
German by birth were the schoolmasters Jacob Joosten at Esopus-
Kingston and Engelbert Steinhausen, at Bergen. Hans Stein^
apparently also a German, was licensed to keep school at New
Amsterdam. The first teacher of the Latin school was Alex-
ander Carl Curtius from Lithuania. One or the other of the
ministers of the Reformed Church seems to have been of German
birth or descent.
Of course, one does not g:o wrongf looking for Germans in
the sound middle class, among mechanics and smaller business-
men. Three of the most frequently mentioned old New Yorkers
of this category are the tavernkeeper "Sergeant'' Litscho from
Coeslin in Pomerania," the blacksmith Burger Jorissen from Hirsch-
berg in Silesia,** and the cordwainer Johann Harberdink from
Bocholt in Westphalia, in whose honor John Street, New York,
bears its name and from whose legacy the Dutch Reformed
Church draws a princely revenue.
Quite a number of families flourishing in this country to-
day — as is obvious from one or the other previous instance — date
back to the unassuming German immigrants of the New Ncther-
land epoch, the German Knickerbocker stock. Good old names
among them, no longer recognizable as German, as their bearers
have for generations divested themselves of everything German,
families which have intermarried with the best of the continent;
so for instance the Beekman, Brower, van Buskirck, Bussing,
Carmer, Ditmars, Dyckman, Hoffman, Kierstede, Low, Messier,
Meyer, van Norstrand, Opdyke, Remsen, Schoonmaker, Schure-
man, Swits, Ten Broeck, Traphagel, Wessel and Zabriskie
families.
"J. H. Innes, New Amsterdam and its People, New York, t902, p. 267 ff.
^Innes, p. 223 H.
[14]
SUMMARY
The conclusions to be drawn from this treatise sug^gfest a rc-
aff angfement of the first century of German-American history ;
\ . Sporadic appearance of Germans in the North American
colonies, beginning^ with 1608.
2. Continuity in German immigration, regular arrivals in
New Netherland and distribution among the neighboring
colonies, intercolonial relations, first attempt at organization,
J637-J664.
3. Beginning of sectarian immigration and founding of a
distinct German settlement in Germantown, Pennsylvania, J683.
4. The great tide of German immigration, setting in with the
exodus of the "Palatines,'' in J 709.
[15]
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